One of the challenges in translating literary texts is the CULTURAL ELEMENTS, and this is especially important in the translation of dramatic literature due to the use of drama, i.e., performance on stage. Among the approaches to translation that take into account the purpose of translation and the function of the text in the target language, and give a special place to the audience's understanding in the translation of dramatic texts, is the Skopos theory. This research aims to extract the CULTURAL ELEMENTS in the play „The Man Outside“ based on the division of CULTURAL ELEMENTS into two categories of tangible CULTURAL ELEMENTS and intangible CULTURAL ELEMENTS, and according to them, evaluate the performance of the translator from the perspective of Skopos theory. The result of this research shows that although Golshiri's translation has been used in theatrical performances, his transfer of tangible CULTURAL ELEMENTS is not in line with the goal of the play, which is performance on stage.

Originally a key term in biology where it referred to the off-spring of mixed origins, the concept of hybridity gained a new dimension with the rise of CULTURAL studies. In relation to translation, the two major patterns of hybridity appear to be CULTURAL and textual hybridity. To determine the ELEMENTS of the former pattern, this research, in a meta-analysis study, revisited the concept in translation studies as well as CULTURAL, postcolonial, and diasporic studies.The findings indicate that CULTURAL hybridity appears to be ever marked by miscegenation (interracial, interCULTURAL, or intersocial), oppression (political or CULTURAL), immigration (real or virtua), contact (unidirectional or bidirectional), and assimilation (of the oppressed or the oppressive).

This paper studies the ELEMENTS of western culture in "English Time" language training books, based on Bourdieu's practice and field theory. The focus of this paper is language and language training books that can be considered as a field which transfers the dominant group's culture to language learners and forms their habituses. In this research, we aim at answering the following questions: What kind of CULTURAL ELEMENTS exist in English Time books? How can the effects of these CULTURAL ELEMENTS be managed and the negative effects neutralized? To find the answers for these questions, we first studied 4 editions of English Time books as well as their auxiliary training materials (CDs, …) and extracted the ELEMENTS of western culture that are inconsistent with our national culture. Then we performed 6 deep interviews with the lecturers of English Time books to find their point of views about the western culture ELEMENTS of these books. We analyzed their comments to find out how can the CULTURAL effects of these books be managed on the language trainees. The solutions include explaining the CULTURAL differences for students during training and also preparing international courses for English training.

Culture is a wide and deep field. In the meantime, many factors can affect the culture and change it. Humans live in society and every society has its own culture. It can be said that native or popular culture is a set of actions, behavior and knowledge, way of life, way of consuming food and clothing, religious thoughts and all things that people have inherited from their ancestors. But these CULTURAL ELEMENTS may pass from one system to another. This process has affected all economic, social, political, CULTURAL and educational aspects of human life through information and communication technologies. Among these parts that are affected are culture and society, which form the most important basis of civilization and identity of any society. CULTURAL preservation refers to an identity that keeps culture from decaying over time and tries to create a positive change in it. Among the many efforts that have been made over time to stabilize and promote culture, this research is also an attempt to identify the basic effective ELEMENTS and components for CULTURAL preservation. For this purpose, the definition of culture and social capital was first defined, and then, by introducing CULTURAL preservation and social capital, the factors affecting it were explained, which include: intrinsic factors (proportionate relationship of beliefs, values, artifacts, and the power of CULTURAL levels),internal factors (sociability, social supervision and control and institutionalization),External factors (CULTURAL exchange and invasion). Based on this, by referring to experts in the field of culture, the effectiveness of each factor and its amount were investigated and evaluated.

this study seeks to propose a CULTURAL marketing model based on the CULTURAL characteristics of the tourism destination of Shiraz. The research was conducted using a qualitative research method as well as semi-structured interviews with tourism and marketing specialists. Based on the rational approach of theoretical and judgmental sampling, 16 participants were sampled until theoretical saturation was reached. Based on the findings, the CULTURAL marketing model was divided into 20 sub-themes, such as; valuing the CULTURAL experience, engaging the local community with conservation, the government's role, friendly communication between host and guest, transforming the tourism approach, revitalizing culture, national pitifulness, media, technology, supplying infrastructure and CULTURAL background, destination features, residents and destination management, the destination community's awareness and education, CULTURAL identity, the tourist's influence on the host, the tourist's behavior in the destination, the foreign tourist's influence, the human role, friendly interactions between guests and hosts, CULTURAL products of tourism, the production and representation of CULTURAL products and 4 primary classifications such as; product, destination, communication, along with procedures. There are many effects and consequences associated with tourism development. Tourism development and the management of its diverse CULTURAL impacts and consequences can be enhanced with the use of CULTURAL marketing, taking into consideration the destinations' CULTURAL capacities. The pursuit of CULTURAL marketing with the aim of creating jobs and income for the residents of the destination can contribute to the re-establishment of national and CULTURAL identity, the conservation of CULTURAL heritage, and the protection of its authenticity

Nativist literature consists of a set of religious-CULTURAL ELEMENTS that try to represent the lifestyle of certain nations. The book entitled Sleeping With Open Eyes is a collection of fourteen stories for today’s teenagers. The book depicts lively pictures of the indigenous-religious lives of people in Iran in every single page and that is the prominent characteristic of it. It should be noted that buy using the word nativism we mean indigenous ELEMENTS throughout Iran and its general meaning. The present study has analyzed indigenous ELEMENTS is two segments of national and religious culture. The nativist author of the book has referred to national rituals, popular beliefs, games and hobbies, metonymies and proverbs, traditional food and costume in the national-CULTURAL part of the book. In the Islamic part, the author has elaborated on religious principles and rituals, with a special emphasis on the Shia faith. Other ELEMENTS of national culture, such as popular arts, popular medicine, tales, old professions, and geographical features have a less significant presence in the book.

The close relationship between language and culture has led to the emergence of a concept regarding special words, phrases, and combinations that are referred to in translation studies as «CULTURAL ELEMENTS»; the structures which are specific to a particular society and language. The translation of these words, especially in literary texts and poetry, has always been a problem for translators. They have taken measures to translate them and have used strategies and techniques. The experts of translation have suggested methods for translating such ELEMENTS. Molina and Albir (2002), while reviewing the researches in this field, have proposed eighteen strategies that have been the theoretical basis of the present research. In the present article, the CULTURAL ELEMENTS of the book A City Under Siege written by Habib Ahmadzadeh (2011) which was translated by Paul Sprachman (2010) are extracted and the strategies used by the translator in translating them based on the model of Molina and Albir are examined. Generalization and omitted equivalents are Sprachman› s most widely used strategies, and there are many cases of mistranslation and omission of CULTURAL ELEMENTS. Such studies can help improve the work of translators and the theorists of translation.